The diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) is predominantly manifested by injuries in vessels (neuroischemic form) or in nerves (neuropathic form). However, in addition to these two forms one may observe disorders in microcirculatory-tissue systems (microangiopathies) and in large vessels having atherosclerotic plaques (macroangiopathies). The endothelium dysfunction (ED) is manifested by the imbalance between the production of vasodilating, angioprotective, antiproliferative factors, on one hand, and vasoconstrictive, thrombogenic, proliferative substances, on the other hand. The purpose of this study is to assess functional activity in the endothelium in patients with neuropathic and neuroischemic forms of the diabetic foot syndrome. Materials and methods: For this, the authors used functional tests (cold and pharmacological) and determined endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilatation. To determine the perfusion in microcirculatory-tissue systems, the laser Doppler flowmetry technique and apparatus LAKK-M (version 2) (Lazma, Moscow, Russia) were used. To find out oxygen tension in tissues the transcutaneous oximetry technique and apparatus TCM 400, Radiometer (Denmark) were used. Patients with DFS neuropathic and neuroischemic forms, who were treated in the department of complicated DFS in municipal hospital № 1 in St. Petersburg, were taken into the study. They had the standard hospital treatment. In the control group there were patients with documented absence of diabetes symptoms and cardiovascular disease symptoms. If to compare with patients from the control group, the patients from the studied group with neuropathic and neuroischemic DFS forms had a reduced microcirculation in the lower third of their legs; patients with the neuroischemic DFS form had also disorders in endothelium dysfunctions and decreased transcutaneous oxygen tension.

Purpose. To study effects of combined intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILBI) and long-lasting epidural blockade (LEB) applied pre- and postoperatively at immediate results in patients who underwent reconstructive surgery for critical ischemia of lower extremities (CILE). Materials and methods. 59 patients with arterial obliterating artherosclerosis who survived reconstructive surgery (by-pass, prosthesis) were taken into the study. 27 patients (main group) had CILE and LEB combined therapy before and after reconstructive surgery in addition to the standard therapy for 10-12 days. Controls (n-32) had the standard conservative therapy before and after the surgery. To put diagnosis and to assess the effectiveness of combined CILE and LEB therapy clinical examination, ultrasound Duplex scanning, multi-spiral CT angiography, reovasography, skin thermotherapy were performed; lipid spectrum and hemostatic indexes in blood were studied in dynamics. Lab parameters of these patients were compared to those obtained in 34 practically healthy people. Results: combined application of CILE and LEB at pre- and postoperative periods improves regional hemodynamics and microcirculation, reliably corrects biochemical and coagulologic blood indexes, reduces early postoperative complications.

Purpose: To improve treatment of venous ulcers on lower extremities with low-level laser therapy (LLLT). Materials and methods: 104 patients were taken into the study. They were examined clinically, instrumentally (ultrasound Doppler, laser Doppler flowmetry) . The studied patients were divided into three groups depending on the curative techniques: in Group 1 (controls) patients had traditional therapy; in Group 2 traditional therapy was added with laser reflex stimulation of microcirculation; in Group 3patients were treated traditionally and with combined laser therapy when the abovementioned technique was added with direct irradiation of ulcers with laser light. Results: In Group 1 average terms of ulcer cleaning were 9.8 ± 0.2 days; granulation was seen in 10.3 ± 0.8 days, 50% epithelization - in 26.1 ± 1.4 days. In Group 2 average terms of ulcer cleaning, granulation and epithelization were 7.4 ± 0.4, 8.1 ± 0.6 and 15.8 ± 1.6 days, correspondingly. The best outcomes were registered in Group 3 where traditional therapy was combined with laser reflex stimulation of microcirculation and topical laser therapy applied directly on ulcers. Laser irradiation was done with a matrix emitter. Average terms of wound cleaning from devitalized tissues were 5.2 ± 0.7 days, granulation - 6.4 ± 0.5 days and healing (50% epithelization) - 12.1 ± 1.2 days. After the course of laser therapy laser Doppler flowmetry has shown that microcirculation parameters in shin intact skin had normalized and were 13.1 ± 0.62 perf. units. These changes in microcirculation and its rhythm indicate resorption of inflammation and improvement in the tissue trophic. Conclusion. Laser reflex stimulation of microcirculation and topical laser therapy in the complex treatment of patients with venous ulcers activates transcapillary exchange, promotes restoration of the structure and microcirculatory flow by increasing the myogenic activity of smooth muscle cells in precapillaries and arterioles as well by normalizing venous-arteriole relations what accelerates the formation and maturation of granulation tissue and ulcer epithelialization by 2.1 times as compared to traditional techniques.

Purpose. To study possibilities of ytterbium porphyrin complexes (IPC) with luminescence in the infrared range of the spectrum for differential diagnostics of various neoplasms and for controlling some pathological processes. Materials and methods. In the presented work the authors used experimental and clinical finings which characterize IPC as effective luminophores having the tropism to changed tissues with prevailing proliferative and inflammatory processes. In the experimental studies mice with inoculated Lewis carcinoma and different ways of ICP administration were used. Some patients with non-oncologic lesions were externally applied medicinal compositions on their skin and mucous too. Results. As it has been shown, ICP may be effectively applied for the above mentioned purposes using various ways of administration: intravenous, intracavital, peroral and external.

Objective. To study results of combined application of low-level laser irradiation in red and infrared spectrum at the postoperative period in patients with septoplasty. Materials and methods. The work is done in the Clinical and Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology in Astrakhan branch and in the ENT department at Alexander- Mariinsky Hospital in Astrakhan. 113 patients with deviated septum had septoplasty. Patients were divided into two groups. In Group 1 (n - 56) no physiotherapeutic procedures were included into the standard treatment at postoperative period. In Group 2 (n - 57) after septoplasty patients were prescribed magnet-laser infrared contact subcutaneous irradiation in pulsed mode (890 nm, 7W, 80 Hz) for 1.5 minutes in sequence on four points; two of them were located at nose wings and two on nasal slopes. The procedure was done for 3 days ( one procedure per day). After the tampon removal the procedure was added with intranasal low-level laser irradiation with red light: 635 nm, 15 mW, continuous mode, exposure 5 min in each nostril for three more days. Results. Outcomes were assessed by patients’ complaints and by objective restoration of nasal functioning. Conclusion. Low-level laser therapy with laser light of red and infrared spectrum after septoplasty reduces recovery of functional state of nasal cavities and consequently, quickly improves the quality of life of patients.

Purpose. To evaluate the efficiency of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) with laser light in the infrared spectral range as compared to traditional pharmacotherapy for treating patients with astheno-depressive syndrome (ADS) and to work out recommendations for its application. Materials and methods. Patients with ADS from a psychiatry clinic of Rostov State Medical University were taken into the study. They were divided into three groups. In Group I (n - 30) patients had only endonasal laser therapy. In Group 2 (n - 70) laser therapy was prescribed to patients when antidepressant therapy had no effect. During laser therapy no drugs were prescribed. In Group 3 (n - 30) patients received sham LLLT. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed psychophysiologically, electrophysiologically and biochemically (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, EEG, rheoencephalography, DNA cytophotometry of lymphocyte nuclei). Examination was done before and after the treatment. Conclusion. The best results were seen in Group 1 (76.7%), especially in young people with a short duration of the disease (1-5 years). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is an informative and easy-operating instrument for assessing results of treatment. The applied laser therapy technique has no side effects.

Purpose. To determine the effectiveness of complex treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) with Holmium laser in the ART programme. Materials and methods. 60 women with diagnosed infertility were taken into the study. The main group had 30 patients with PCOS aged 27.7 ± 4.2; in the control group (n- 30) patients had no PCOS; average age of 31.6 ± 2.5. Patients had hormonal, ultrasound and complete clinico-laboratory examination. Patients from the studied group had laparoscopic laser drilling of the ovary with WLHK-01-CD (Ho-YAG) laser generating laser light with 2.09μm wavelength. Results. The obtained results have shown high effectiveness of laparoscopic laser ovarian drilling with holmium laser in the ART programme. This technique of PCOS treatment may be a method of choice for women with infertility caused by PCOS.

Purpose. To evaluate the effectiveness and perspectives of medical-biological factors of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the prevention and treatment of complications in order to optimize results of contour injection facial plasty (CIFP). Materials and methods. The authors present their multi-year experience in applying LLLT in patients who undergo the contour injection plasty of soft facial tissues so as to prevent and treat most of common post-operative complications (neuropathic, granulomatous, ischemic). Under the dynamic supervision there were 434 patients with different deformations of soft facial tissues who needed CIFP. 434 patients were considered to be at a group of high risk for post-operative complications. They were taken into the studied group: 90 patients had LLLT prophylactics and 344 patients had LLLT treatment. It was monotherapy: only supra-venous laser irradiation with red light ((n - 23), or with IR light (n - 29), or combined therapy - red light + infrared light (n - 292). The effectiveness of treatment was assessed in dynamics by syndromological indexes (visual examination, swelling, pain, adverse effects and complications) and by paraclinical indexes (non-specific protection indicated by the serum leukocyte content, microcirculation defined by a laser capillary analyzer, standard evaluation of cellular and humoral immunity chains). Results and conclusions. A comparative analysis of the obtained results has been done. The combined LLLT in patients from the high risk group for post-operative complications and in patients with post-operative complications has turned to be very effective. After LLLT courses post-operative complications were seen only in 1.8% of cases, and were not syndromologically serious; while in patients who had no LLLT courses post-operative complications were seen in 10.3% of cases. That is 5 times larger than in LLLT group; moreover, they had from moderate to severe forms. Such an effective outcome after the combined supravenous low-level laser red light irradiation + infrared laser light irradiation may be explained with a combined scanning effect of laser light at the organism in the whole (red light) and at its regional-organ level (infrared light).

Purpose. To do a comparative analysis of literature data and authors’ own findings on the microcirculation in periodontal tissue in healthy subjects and in patients using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) technique. Material and methods. 143 patients were taken into the study. 54 literature sources were analyzed. In the reviewed publications there were found basic concepts of LDF technique for diagnosing microcirculation in the periodontal tissue in healthy subjects and in patients. The authors also presented their own findings obtained after the prospective cohort examination of the oral cavity in 143 patients. Apparatus LAKK-02 and program 2.2.510.512 (LAZMA, Russia) were used in the study. The following parameters were assessed: average blood perfusion (M) in perfusion units (p.u.), mean-square oscillation deviation in blood flow - δ(p.u.), a variation coefficient of blood flow oscillations, Kv normalized by the energy of oscillatory process E₀. Results and discussion. While analyzing literature data, we revealed a high level of publication activity in the diagnostic group and in the group with prevailing Fourier transformation as an estimation technique for the amplitude-frequency spectrum of blood flow oscillations. Conclusion. The applied pathophysiological approach for assessing microcirculatory disorders allows to establish the relationship between recorded parameters of the basal blood flow and parameters of active and passive microcirculation regulation.

Purpose. To make a comparative analysis of post-implantation changes in the components of hip joint endoprostheses using findings of 3D laser scanning microscopy. Materials and methods. Components of various friction pairs of hip joint endoprostheses were studied. The studied implants were intact or were implanted more than 10 years ago. Sphericity and surface topography at different structural levels were assessed using 3D laser scanning microscopy. Results. As it has been found out, sphericity of components made of CoCrMo varied more significantly (up to 0.104 mm) as compared to ceramic heads Biolox forte (up to 0.016 mm). The most deep changes in surface topography were observed in the friction pair CoCrMo-CoCrMo (up to 14.1 mkm to meso level) with indirect signs of corrosion and with the formation of «holes» in the area of wearouts and tears. Kinematic unit functioning in endoprostheses has an ex-centric character with the formation of mostly worn areas in the support focus point in which one can see marked surface topography changes which are mostly pronounced in the friction pair CoCrMo-CoCrMo. Conclusions. These finding should be taken into account while preparing for hip arthroplasty.

Purpose. To study evident abilities of low-intensity red laser light with wavelength 660 μm to inhibit the growth of various strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Materials and methods. Methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were used as studied objects. Semiconductor laser generating linear polarized light in the red spectral region (X - 660 nm) was used for irradiation. Power density was 100 mW/cm², exposure time - 5, 10, 15 and 30 min, heat density was 30, 60, 90 and 180 J/cm², respectively. Results. It has been found out that low-intensity laser radiation has an inhibitory effect at the growth of both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The resistant strain is more sensitive to red laser light as the bacteriostatic effect is seen at lower doses.

In medicine, low-level laser irradiation (LLLT) in red and infrared spectral ranges is widely used for treating patients. Flexible quartz fibers with 500 μm and 400 μm diameters and with expected high density radiation power (HDRP) at the output were used for LLLT. However, mechanisms of HDRP stimulating effects at the organism of animals and plants are not clear yet. The aim of this work was to study effects of LLLT high power density at biological objects, for example, at Drimiopsis maculata, a plant with high photosensitivity. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in Laboratory of Laser Optics of the State Tyumen Oil and Gas University. Plants were divided into 5 groups the bulbs of which were exposed to LLLT with wavelength of 0.67 μm and 0.85 μm and exposure 3 and 6 minutes. One group of plants was taken as controls; they had no any irradiation. Laser light was emitted by two semiconductor lasers generating in wavelength 0.67 μm and 0.85 μm and having flexible quartz fibers with the diameter of optical part 400 μm and 500 μm, respectively. At lightguide outputs, HDRP for LLLT with wavelength 0.67 μm was 4,000 mW/sq cm, and for LLLT with wavelength 0.85 μm was 4,100 mW/sq cm, which was significantly higher than HDRP values used in clinical practice. Results. LLLT effects in all the experimental groups at the immediate observation period have shown more pronounced defoliation of plants, more active flowering phase and development of flowering shoots and inflorescences, as compared to the controls. In the later period (from 1 to 4 months) one could see an inhibited growth in most experimental groups.

During the experimentation with melanoma В16 it has been shown that laser light at X = 1268 μm has a highly selective effect at solid tumours. Such a phenomenon may be explained by physical-chemical processes involved in the immune system response to antigen and comprises the generation of lacking components usually produced by the immune system, singlet oxygen in particular. Other opportunities of potentiating the immune system are also discussed.

The article describes a clinical case of patient Т., aged 23, who was admitted to the hospital in a serious state with diagnosis: abscess of the iliopsoas muscle. After the examination and preoperative preparations the patient was operated. The abscess was incised and drained. The surgical procedure is described in details. The authors discuss advantages of the retroperitoneoscopic techniques (minimal surgical trauma, minimal blood loss, no needs for narcotic pain-killers, early recovery terms). The retroperitoneoscopic surgery for pyoinflammatory diseases of kidneys and retroperitoneal space (abscess of the iliopsoas muscle) can be considered as an alternative approach to open surgeries.