Seborrheic keratosis (seborrheic keratoma, basal-cell papilloma, pigmented epithelioma, senile wart) are benign epithelial neoplasms on the skin which are caused by a delayed maturation of epidermal cells at the stage of «basaloid elements». Actinic keratosis (photokeratos) is a precancerous skin lesion which appears on the skin at the areas open to the sun. This pathology is characterized with local intraepidermal dysplasia of various degree. The article discusses modern findings on non-invasive diagnostic techniques (dermatoscopy, optic coherent tomography, radiothermometry) and on laser technologies which are effectively used for treating skin keratoses.

Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of treatment of patients with precancerous diseases in the uterine cervix dysplasia using photodynamic technique (PDT) with photosensitizers «Radachlorine» and «Photoditazin». Materials and methods. 92 patients with uterine cervix dysplasia of various severity were examined: mild form (CIN I) - 30 (32.6%); moderate (CIN II) - 43 (46.7%) and severe (CIN III) - 19 (20.7%). Dysplasia was treated as follows: diathermoelectroconzation - 21 patient; radiotherapy - 17 patients; PDT with Photoditazin - 18 patients; PDT with Radachlorine - 36 patients. Results and discussion. Complete effect was seen in 34 patients out of 36 (94.4%) who had PDT with Radachlorine. No effect was noted in 2 out of 36 (5.6%) patients with CIN II (n-1) and CIN III (n-1). A patient with a moderate form of dysplasia had a repeated PDT course with a positive effect. A patient with CIN III who had ineffective criodestruction, laser vaporization for 7 years had DEC with an effect. A comparative assessment of complications after surgery has shown a high rate of complications after DEC (9.5%); after radiotherapy the rate of complications was by 1.5 times less (5.9%), while after PDT (2.8-5.6%) complications looked like a skin itching which did not need any medicamentous treatment. Conclusion. The obtained findings demonstrate that the techniques used in the study for treating uterine cervix dysplasia had a similar effectiveness (89-95%). PDT, which is quite a radical technique, did not cause damage to adjacent tissues, rough scarring and cervical canal stenosis; uterine cervix architectonics was preserved what is especially important for women who plan to get pregnant. After PDT epithelization has a considerably shorter phase; it also has less frequency of inflammatory reactions as well as postoperative and long-term complications as compared to DEC technique.

Materials and methods. Pleural fluids of 50 patients (32 men - 64% and 18 women - 36%) aged 30-80 years (average 67.6 ± 13.9) were examined in the study. Parapneumonic pleuritis was detected in 18 people; post-traumatic pleuritis - in 3 patients; pleural effusion, as a manifestation of chronic heart failure - in 29 patients. All patients were divided into two groups: control group (n-17) and studied group (n-33). The control group consisted of individuals whose medication depended on pleuritis etiology. Patients form the studied group received laser irradiation in addition to medicamentous therapy and were divided into three subgroups: subgroup 1 (n-14) had intravenous blood irradiation; subgroup 2 (n-10) had intrapleural laser irradiation; subgroup 3 (n-9) had a combined therapy: intravenous and intrapleural laser irradiations. Laser apparatus «Matrix-VLOK» («Matrix», Russia) (wavelength 0.365 mkm, power 1-1.5 mW) was used for laser therapy. Laser therapy course had 3 or 5-7 sessions, every other day, exposure 10 min. For intravenous laser blood irradiation, venipuncture of the cubital vein was made. For intrapleural irradiation - thoracentesis. The chest wall was punctured, the pleural cavity was exposed, fluid was evacuated and a broad spectrum antibiotic was injected into the cavity. ADA content in pleural fluid before and after laser therapy was determined by G. Guisti’s technique (2000). Results. ADA content decreased in both groups after the treatment. In the control group traditional drug therapy did not lead to a significant ADA decrease. As opposed to this, in the study group we had a significant decrease in ADA content. Conclusion. Laser irradiation in the combined treatment of patients with pleural effusion brought an improved clinical course, reduced ADA in pleural fluid, reduced the rate of fluid accumulation as well as duration of treatment, prolonged the time between pleural punctures, reduced pharmacological overloading at a patient, improved its efficiency, thus, leading to better quality of life. Laser therapy is effective in patients with pleural effusion of different etiologies.

Purpose. To study the effectiveness of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in comparison with diode laser trabeculoplasty (DLT) in patients with uncompensated primary open-angle glaucoma. 115 patients with open-angle glaucoma had laser interventions: SLT on 84 eyes (62 patients), DLT on 67 eyes (53 patients). The research work lasted for 2 years. SLT was performed with Nd:YAG laser «SOLUTIS» (532 nm). 70-75 applicants were placed along 270° trabecular binding with energy level from 0.7 till 1.2 mJ, spot size 400 microns, exposure time 3 nsec. For DLT, diode Nd:YAG laser «SUPRA» (532 nm) was used with spot size 50 microns, exposure 0.1-0.2 sec., power 250-500 mWt. 70-75 coagulants along the 270° circuit of the trabecular binding were put. Results. As a result, SLT compensation of intraocular pressure was achieved in 66.82%, and after DLT is was 64.71%. For the two-year follow-up intraocular pressure in SLT group decreased by 25% in the average, and after DLT - by 24% (P = 0.033). In 30% of cases patients treated with DLT and SLT needed a repeated laser or surgical intervention. Thus, the effectiveness of SLT and DLT techniques is comparable. To have better results, the described techniques for laser trabeculoplasty need further perfection.

In the present work the authors studied effects of blue optical radiation («blue light») at the physical ability and myocardial contractility in high-level athletes. A marked increase in oxygen uptake (maximal «aerobic power») was defined during physiological testings. Changes in the parameters which indicate raising of «economysing» processes in the cardiac function were found as well.

Purpose. To optimize and to scientifically background a laser surgical technology which helps to deliver and to effectively use laser light - generated by the latest, high-level lasers - at some stages of videolaporoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with various forms of cholelithiasis. Results. The experimental studies with 80 patients has proven that the area of thermal damage was by 1.9 times less in average after laser technology than without it. Reparative processes were characterized with a shorter inflammatory phase as well as with minimal exudation and leucocytic reaction; with earlier (since the 3rd postoperative day) formation of matured granular tissue and connective scars the width of which was by 3.1 times less as to compared to those after electrosurgical technique.

The aim of the present study was to compare immediate and long-term outcomes after surgical treatment of patients with non-muscular invasive bladder cancer with laser light emitted with a semiconductor diode laser. 60 patients with T1aN0M0 bladder cancer were included into the study. Laser LSP IRE - Polus, model LSP 0,97/10 (Frjazino, Russia), was used for this. The results obtained have shown that diode laser light both provides both an adequate radical intervention and decreases the risk of bladder cancer recurrence. Such technique also improves functional results of the treatment.

Purpose. The object of our study was to evaluate microvessels’ photoreactivity under the preliminary intravenous injection of photosensitizer (Radachlorin®). Materials and Methods. Laser light with wavelength 662 nm, energy density 0.37 J/cm² emitted by laser device Granat (Alcom Medica, St.Petersburg, Russia) was delivered to rats’ mesenteric microvessels (d = 10-30 μm). The rats were injected with the photosensitizer intravenously (5 mg/kg) 3 hours before the irradiation. Results. Laser irradiation was resulted in the immediate insignificant arteriole widening which was followed by a substantial increase of arteriole diameters (by 14%), (p < 0.05) in six minutes after the irradiation. After the Radachlorin intravenous injection and laser irradiation the arteriole diameter was reduced by 17% (p < 0.05), while the venule diameter was not considerably changed. Conclusion. A theoretical analysis has shown that microvascular reactions to laser irradiation were not the result of heat effects due to hemoglobin and photosensitizer absorption. These effects may be regarded as a result of photodynamic injury to microvessels.

Purpose. To assess the effectiveness of laser Doppler flowmetry for the diagnostics of periodontal diseases when applying nonlinear dynamic processes in clinical practice. Material and methods. 62 patients aged 18-36 years were taken into the study. The control group consisted of 20 healthy individuals who had intact periodontium and no co-morbidities. Group I - 20 patients with chronic catarrhal mild gingivitis; Group II - 22 patients with chronic generalized mild periodontitis. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) with the spectral wavelet analysis of the blood flow oscillations was performed with the apparatus LACC-02 (SPE «LAZMA», Russia). Relative energy fluctuations of blood flow E0 were assessed using the spectral analysis of LDF recordings (programme 2.2.509-SPE «LAZMA», Russia). The researchers also assessed nonlinear dynamic parameters of microcirculation in the periodontal tissue. Results and discussion. While studying characteristics of nonlinear dynamics, the researchers could assess oscillatory process parameters; they could also analyze them and thus, understand macroscopic characteristics of modulating factor behavior, both in the normal state and in the pathological one. Conclusion. Changes in microcirculation nonlinear parameters in the periodontal tissue under inflammation (groups I and II) are characterized by the decrease of chaotic behavior of the microcirculation system and its order on the base of randomness numerical parameters (Н₁, D₂ Н, D₂) as well as by the sustainability of LDF signal (D₀).

In the study the authors tried to assess the mechanism of clinical effect developing under laser irradiation which is characterized with a wide spectrum of biological reactions as well as with a wide range of physiological changes according to the theory of adaptation, if to consider a low-intensity quantum effect at the body as a stressor.

The present review discusses the basic concepts of effectiveness in transmyocardial laser revascularization (TMR). The authors discuss potentials of each of them while explaining TMR clinical outcomes.